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1.
Med. infant ; 26(3): 267-271, sept. 2019. Tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1023724

RESUMO

Introducción: El estado epiléptico (EE) es la emergencia neurológica más frecuente en pediatría. Los pacientes que no responden al tratamiento estándar con dosis adecuadas de benzodiacepinas seguido de una droga antiepiléptica aceptable son definidos como Estado epiléptico Refractario (ER). Objetivo: caracterizar la población de niños con EE que ingresan a UCIP y determinar qué factores son predictores de refractariedad en esta población. Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles, retrospectivo. Población: niños con EE internados en UCIP desde Febrero 2015 a Febrero 2017. Casos: Estado epiléptico Refractario (ER). Controles: Estado epiléptico No Refractario (ENR). Se calculó el Odds Ratio (OR) individual para las distintas variables en Med Calc. Resultados: Se internaron 35 pacientes de los cuales 12 fueron casos y 23 controles. Hubo fiebre en 77% de los pacientes. En el total de niños estudiados hubo 11% con antecedente de convulsión febril, 11% con antecedente de epilepsia y 9% con antecedente de malformación del SNC. Los niños con antecedente de convulsión febril tuvieron 2,5 veces mayor riesgo de ER (OR: 2,58; IC 95%: 1,17-5,68). Los niños con EE que tenían antecedentes de enfermedad neurológica previa presentaron riesgo de ER 2,6 veces mayor que el grupo control (OR 2,60; IC 95%: 1,24-5,42). Discusión: Dado el aumento en la mortalidad de los pacientes con ER sería importante disponer de más herramientas para predecir este desenlace e iniciar tratamiento oportuno. Resultaría útil entrenar a los padres de niños con antecedente de convulsión febril en la aplicación de medicación antiepiléptica prehospitalaria, esto podría prevenir la farmacorresistencia, el daño neurológico y las complicaciones que acarrea el ingreso a UCIP. (AU)


Introduction: Status epilepticus (SE) is the most common neurologic emergency in children. Patients that do not respond to standard treatment with adequate doses of benzodiazepines followed by an acceptable antiepileptic drug are defined as having refractory status epilepticus (RSE). Objective: To characterize the population of children with SE admitted to the PICU and to determine predictive factors for refractoriness in this population. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted. Population: Children with SE admitted to the PICU between February 2015 and February 2017. Cases: Refractory status pilepticus (RSE). Controls: Non-refractory status epilepticus (NRSE). Individual Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated for different variables using Med Calc. Results: 35 patients were admitted of whom 12 were cases and 23 controls. Overall, 77% of the patients had fever. Of all the children, 11% had a history of febrile seizures, 11% had history of epilepsy and 9% had a CNS malformation. Children with a history of febrile seizures had a 2.5-fold higher risk of developing RSE (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.17-5.68). Children with SE that had a history of neurologic disease had a 2.6-fold higher risk of developing RSE than controls (OR 2.60; 95% CI: 1.24-5.42). Discussion: Given the increased mortality in children with RSE, availability of tools to predict this outcome in order to initiate early treatment is important. It would be useful to train the parents of children with a history of febrile seizures in the prehospital administration of antiepileptic drugs as this may prevent pharmaco-resistance, neurologic damage, and complication related to PICU admission (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Estado Epiléptico/complicações , Estado Epiléptico/etiologia , Estado Epiléptico/tratamento farmacológico , Resistência a Medicamentos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico , Epilepsia Resistente a Medicamentos/terapia , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Retrospectivos
3.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 78(supl.2): 18-24, set. 2018. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-955009

RESUMO

Las crisis febriles están asociadas a fiebre en niños entre 6 y 60 meses de edad, sin infección del sistema nervioso central u otras causas de crisis sintomáticas agudas y sin historia de crisis afebriles previas. Ocurren en aproximadamente el 2-5% de los niños. Se debe considerar la posibilidad de una infección del sistema nervioso, a pesar de que la frecuencia es extremadamente baja cuando el examen físico posterior a la crisis no es orientador. Mientras que el manejo clínico de los niños con crisis febriles simples está bien definido, considerándolas como eventos benignos auto-limitados, la conducta en los niños con crisis febriles complejas es controvertida. Se asocian con un aumento relativamente pequeño del riesgo de epilepsia, el cual no puede ser prevenido mediante ninguna forma de tratamiento. El rol del electroencefalograma también es controvertido. Analizamos los datos de varios estudios y concluimos que las descargas epileptiformes tienen valores predictivos positivos bajos e implican pequeñas variaciones entre la probabilidad pre y post-prueba para el desarrollo de epilepsia posterior. Se ha propuesto realizar resonancias magnéticas encefálicas para detectar cambios a nivel hipocampal previos, agudos o posteriores a crisis focales o estatus febriles que pudieran relacionarse con el riesgo de esclerosis mesial temporal y de epilepsia temporal. La relación etiológica entre estas entidades continúa siendo un tema controvertido. En cualquier caso, los estudios alterados no van a cambiar el manejo clínico de las crisis febriles y pueden contribuir al sobre-diagnóstico.


A febrile seizure occurs in association with fever in a child aged 6 to 60 months, without central nervous system infection or other known cause of acute seizures in a child without a prior history of afebrile seizures. Febrile seizures occur in about 2-5% of children. Central nervous system infections should be considered in patients with febrile seizures, even though the frequency of this possibility is low, especially when patients do not return to baseline. Simple febrile seizures are considered benign events and there are clear guidelines about evaluation and management, but the evaluation of complex febrile seizures is controversial. They are associated with a small increased risk of epilepsy which cannot be prevented. The role of electroencephalography is controversial. We analyzed the data of many studies and concluded that epileptiform discharges have poor positive predictive value. Neuroimaging is recommended to look for acute or pre-existing hippocampal abnormalities following febrile status or focal febrile seizures that could be associated to the risk of developing mesial temporal sclerosis and temporal lobe epilepsy. The relationship between these disorders and febrile seizures remains a controversial issue. An abnormal electroencephalography or magnetic resonance imaging studies will not change the clinical management and could contribute to overdiagnosis.


Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Convulsões Febris/diagnóstico , Prognóstico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Fatores de Risco , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Eletroencefalografia , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/diagnóstico , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/etiologia
4.
Med. infant ; 24(3): 262-267, Sept.2017. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-877983

RESUMO

Introducción: Las convulsiones febriles son el trastorno convulsivo más común en niños menores de 5 años. Después de una primera convulsión febril, alrededor del 33% de los niños experimentan una o más recurrencias, y alrededor del 9% tienen 3 o más. Debido a que los riesgos asociados con las convulsiones febriles simples son poco frecuentes, excepto la recurrencia, y porque el número de niños que tienen convulsiones febriles en los primeros años de vida es muy alto, una terapia propuesta tendría que ser extremadamente baja en riesgos, efectos adversos, de bajo costo y altamente efectiva. Objetivo primario: Identificar y analizar la bibliografía relevante y disponible a la actualidad para evaluar si existe evidencia científica que indique que el uso de ácido valproico es superior a otros anticonvulsivantes para prevenir recurrencias de episodios de convulsiones febriles en niños entre 6 y 60 meses. Objetivo secundario: evaluar la seguridad de la administración de las distintas medicaciones evaluadas, así como también los efectos adversos presentados. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática utilizando bases de datos de Medline, LILACS, Cochrane y Google académico. Se analizaron mediante las guías de J.A.M.A. los ECAs y metaanálisis que evalúen la eficacia del uso del ácido valproico vs otros anticonvulsivantes o el no tratamiento hasta diciembre 2012 en idiomas inglés español. Se incluyeron pacientes de 0 a 60 meses con un primer episodio de convulsión febril simple. Resultados: De 40 artículos encontrados, 20 se descartaron por no responder a la pregunta, 6 por ser estudios de baja calidad metodológica, 7 fueron descartados por inaccesibilidad al texto original completo, 1 se descartó por no ser la población humana. Por lo que solo quedaron 4 ECAs y 3 metaanálisis que compararon la eficacia del uso de ácido valproico vs. otros anticonvulsivantes o no tratamiento. Los resultados arrojaron iscrepancias; en algunos estudios el ácido valproico disminuyó el índice de recurrencia de convulsiones febriles comparado con el no tratamiento, no se encontró mayor eficacia frente a otras drogas anticonvulsivantes, como diazepam o fenobarbital, mientras que en otros no se encontró beneficio alguno. Conclusión: Si bien en algunos estudios el ácido valproico disminuyó el índice de recurrencias, se observó en otros que las recurrencias fueron mayores. Al comparar la eficacia contra la de otras drogas anticonvulsivantes las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Por lo tanto, no existe evidencia suficiente que permita recomendar o no recomendar el uso de ácido valproico para la prevención de las recurrencias de convulsiones febriles en niños con factores de riesgo para el desarrollo posterior de epilepsia


Introduction: Febrile seizures are the most common type of seizures in children younger than 5 years. After the first febrile seizure, around 33% of children have one or more recurrences, and around 9% have three or more. Ask the risks associated with febrile seizures are not common, except recurrences, and because the number of children that have febrile seizures in the first years of life is high, a treatment protocol should have extremely low risks, have very few adverse effects, and should be low cost and highly effective. Main aim: To identify and analyze the relevant currently available literature to evaluate if there is scientific evidence that shows that the use of valproic acid is superior to other antiepileptic drugs to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures in children between 6 and 60 months of age. Secondary aim: To assess the safety of different medications used as well as the adverse effects observed. Material and methods: A systematic review of the literature using the data bases of LILACS, Cochrane, and Google scholar. The analysis was conducted using guidelines of the J.A.M.A., RCTs, and meta-analyses evaluating the efficacy of valproic acid vs other antiepileptic drugs or no treatment up to December 2012 in English and Spanish. Patients 0 to 60 months with a first simple febrile seizure were included. Results: Of 40 articles identified, 20 were excluded as they did not answer the question, 6 because of inadequate methodology, 7 because the complete original text could not be accessed, and 1 because of a non-human study population. Therefore, only 4 RCTs and 3 meta-analysis that compared the efficacy of valproic acid vs other antiepileptic drugs or no treatment were included. The results showed discrepancies: In some studies valproic acid diminished recurrences of febrile seizures compared to no treatment, no improved efficacy compared to other antiepileptic drugs, such as diazepam or phenobarbital was found, while in other studies no benefit whatsoever was found. Conclusion: Although in some studies valproic acid decreased the recurrence rate, others found that recurrences increased. When comparing efficacy with other antiepileptic drugs, the differences were not statistically significant. Therefore, there is not enough evidence that justifies recommending or not recommending valproic acid to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures in children with risk factors to subsequently develop epilepsy.


Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico , Convulsões Febris/prevenção & controle , Ácido Valproico/uso terapêutico , Anticonvulsivantes/efeitos adversos , Recidiva
6.
Arch. pediatr. Urug ; 84(1): 18-25, mar. 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-722858

RESUMO

Introducción: las convulsiones febriles (CF) son un motivo frecuente de consulta en los servicios de emergencia. Frecuentemente estos niños son hospitalizados, se les realiza diversos estudios complementarios y pueden motivar interconsultas con especialistas. A pesar de su carácter benigno, provocan gran ansiedad familiar.Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, los estudios paraclínicos y la evolución de los pacientes que consultaron en el servicio de emergencia del Hospital Británico entre el 1º de enero de 2001 al 31 de diciembre de 2008 con una primera CF.Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de tipo cohorte histórica a partir de la revisión de las historias clínicas. Se describieron las características clínicas de los pacientes al ingreso y en la evolución se valoró recurrencia de la crisis en el mismo o en otro episodio febril, tratamiento antiepiléptico a largo plazo y crisis en apirexia posteriores a la primera CF. Resultados: se incluyeron 113 niños, media de edad 23 meses. En 84% la etiología de la fiebre fue una infección respiratoria alta. Se realizó relevo infeccioso en 78% de los niños, relevo metabólico en 15% y punción lumbar en 8%.Las convulsiones se reiteraron en 25% de los pacientes. Se realizó electroencefalograma en 53% de los pacientes,estudios de neuroimagen a cuatro pacientes e interconsulta con neuropediatra en 21. El 7% de los pacientes recibieron anticonvulsivantes en la primera crisis. Presentaron crisis enapirexia posteriores a la CF 4% de los pacientes.Conclusiones: en términos generales, los resultados coinciden con los datos reportados por los estudios realizados en otros países.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Infecções Respiratórias/complicações , Medicina de Emergência , Epilepsia/prevenção & controle
7.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 56(4): 489-492, 2010.
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-557333

RESUMO

As crises epilépticas febris são uma entidade benigna da infância e a maioria das crianças que a apresenta terá apenas um episódio na vida. Apesar disso, as crises geram grande apreensão nos familiares e há grande discussão na literatura sobre quando estes pacientes devem ser tratados e qual a melhor opção terapêutica. Esta revisão traz uma síntese dos dados e recomendações atuais para diagnóstico e tratamento dos pacientes que apresentem crises febris.


Febrile seizures are a benign condition of childhood and most children will have only one episode in their lifetime. Nevertheless, a crisis generates major concern in the family and there is much discussion in literature about when to treat as well as which is the best therapeutic approach. This review summarizes data and current recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of patients with febrile seizures.


Assuntos
Humanos , Convulsões Febris/diagnóstico , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Aguda , Analgésicos/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos/efeitos adversos , Anticonvulsivantes/administração & dosagem , Anticonvulsivantes/efeitos adversos , Recidiva , Convulsões Febris/prevenção & controle
8.
Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences-Rahavard Danesh. 2008; 11 (2): 35-41
em Persa | IMEMR | ID: emr-87731

RESUMO

The vast majority of children with febrile seizure have a normal long term out come, but their parents are always worrying about recurrent febrile seizure. With attention to controversy in treatment a precise knowledge of the short and long term side effect is an important prerequisite for assessing the various treatment strategies. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of intermittent Diazepam and continuous Phenobarbital for the prophylaxis of recurrence of febrile seizure. In this clinical trial study 100 children with febrile seizure treated with intermittent Diazepam were compared with 100 children with febrile seizure treated with continuous Phenobarbital. Diazepam [1 mg/kg/d] was administered orally every eight hours during all febrile illness and Phenobarbital [3-5 mg/kg/d] was administered daily. Data were analyzed by chi-square and t-test. During a mean follow up of 19 months, recurrence rates in the two groups were similar [14%]. 74% of children receiving Phenobarbital had side effects versus 26% receiving Diazepam. [p=0.00001]. Mean of fever in year was 3.2 +/- 1.4 in Phenobarbital group and 3.0 +/- 1.1 in which had no significant difference. Oral Diazepam, given only when fever is present, is safe and reduces the risk of recurrent febrile seizure


Assuntos
Humanos , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico , Diazepam , Diazepam/administração & dosagem , Recidiva , Resultado do Tratamento , Fenobarbital , Fenobarbital/administração & dosagem , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto
9.
In. Delfino, Aurora; Scavone Mauro, Cristina L; González Rabelino, Gabriel Alejandro. Temas y pautas de neurología infantil. Montevideo, BiblioMédica, 2006. p.117-124.
Monografia em Espanhol | LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1292615
10.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2005 Aug; 72(8): 667-70
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-81302

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine effectiveness of intramuscular midazolam to control acute seizures in children as compared to intravenous diazepam. METHODS: 115 children in the age group of 1 month to 12 years who presented with acute convulsions were enrolled in the study. Patients who already had an intravenous access present were treated intravenous diazepam. Patients without an i.v. access at the time of convulsions were randomised into 2 groups and treated with either intramuscular midazolam or intravenous diazepam for control of seizures. Time interval from administration of drug to cessation of seizures was compared. Effectiveness of i.m. midazolam in various age groups, types of convulsions and etiology of convulsions was analyzed. Side effects of both drugs were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean interval to cessation of convulsions with i.m. midazolam was 97.22 seconds whereas in diazepam group without prior i.v. access it was 250.35 seconds and in diazepam group with prior i.v. access it was 119.4 seconds. i.m. midazolam acted faster in all age groups and in patients with febrile convulsions, which was statistically significant. i.m. midazolam was equally effective in various types of convulsions be it GTC or focal convulsions. 7 patients (10.8%) had thrombophlebitis associated with i.v. diazepam administration whereas none of the patients in the midazolam group had any side effects, which was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: i.m. midazolam is an effective agent for controlling acute convulsions in children especially in children with febrile convulsions. It has relatively no side effects as compared to Intravenous diazepam and can be used as a first line agent for treatment of acute convulsions in patients with difficult intravenous access.


Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/administração & dosagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diazepam/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Lactente , Injeções Intramusculares , Injeções Intravenosas , Midazolam/administração & dosagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico , Tromboflebite/induzido quimicamente
11.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2005 Jan; 72(1): 31-3
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-83021

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of intermittent clobazam therapy in preventing the recurrence of febrile seizures and to assess its safety. METHODS: The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted in the Department of Child Health, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore between July 2001 and September 2002. Neurologically normal children between 6 months and 3 years of age with a history of febrile seizures and no evidence of acute CNS infection or EEG abnormality were included into the study. 19 children in a clobazam group and 20 in the placebo group were randomly allocated. Temperature reduction measures with paracetamol and tepid sponging were advised to all children. In addition the dispensed medication was to be administered at the onset of fever and continued for 48 hours irrespective of the duration of fever. The children were then monitored for seizures and adverse effects of clobazam. The children were followed up for a mean period of 9.9 months. The analysis was done on the number of febrile episodes in both the groups. RESULTS: There were a total of 110 episodes of fever during the study period. Mean number of febrile episodes in the clobazam group was 3.1 and in placebo group 2.56. Six (12.5%) of the 48 episodes in placebo group and one (1.7%) of 60 episodes in clobazam group had seizure recurrence. This was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Drowsiness and weakness were present equally in both clobazam and placebo groups whereas ataxia was present only in the clobazam group, the difference being statistically significant (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Intermittent clobazam therapy is an effective measure in the prevention of recurrence of febrile seizures. The ataxia due to clobazam was much lower than that reported with diazepam.


Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/administração & dosagem , Benzodiazepinas/administração & dosagem , Pré-Escolar , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Recidiva/prevenção & controle , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico
15.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 54(2): 197-201, jun. 1996. tab
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-172039

RESUMO

Apresentamos os resultados do uso de diazepam intermitente na profilaxia da convulsao febril (CF). Acompanhamos 82 pacientes com idade entre 3 meses e 5 anos por período médio de 15,8 meses. Dezoito crianças (21,95 por cento da casuística) apresentaram efeitos colaterais transitórios que nao limitaram o uso da medicaçao. Houve recorrência em 26 por cento dos casos. Concluímos que o diazepam, via oral, é eficaz para prevenir recorrência de CF. Ele apresenta fácil manuseio e boa tolerabilidade. Sugerimos o seu uso em crianças que apresentem algum fator de risco preditivo para recorrência.


Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Masculino , Feminino , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico , Diazepam/uso terapêutico , Estudos Prospectivos , Recidiva , Cuidados Intermitentes , Fatores de Risco
18.
Actual. pediátr ; 3(2): 62-8, jun. 1993. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-190513

RESUMO

El propósito de este estudio fue comparar la efectividad de estos tres tipos de tratamiento para prevenir las recurrencias de las convulsiones febriles durante el primer año posterior a la primera convulsión febril. Se trata de un trabajo prospectivo, tipo ensayo clínico controlado, abierto, no aleatorio. Se incluyeron finalmente 87 niños que consultaron al servicio de urgencias del Hospital Militar Central, por presentar una primera convulsión febril durante el período comprendido entre marzo de 1990 a junio de 1992. Los tres grupos de tratamiento se recomendaron así: fenobarbital como profilaxis continua 5 mg/Kg/día; diazepam 0,5 mg/Kg sublingual o rectal cada 12 horas en caso de presentar fiebre y acetaminofen 10 mg/Kg cada seis horas también en caso de fiebre. Presentaron recurrencias 2/29 pacientes tratados con diazepam, 9/28 niños tratados con fenobarbital y 12/30 casos que recibieron acetaminofen. Encontrándose una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0.025) a favor del tratamiento con diazepam. En este trabajo no se encontró ninguna justificación para continuar recomendando la administración continua de fenobarbital en niños sanos con convulsiones febriles.


Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Lactente , Convulsões Febris/classificação , Convulsões Febris/diagnóstico , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico , Convulsões Febris/etiologia , Convulsões Febris/enfermagem , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/efeitos adversos , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/farmacocinética , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/farmacologia , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/uso terapêutico , Diazepam/administração & dosagem , Diazepam/efeitos adversos , Diazepam/farmacocinética , Diazepam/farmacologia , Diazepam/uso terapêutico , Fenobarbital/administração & dosagem , Fenobarbital/efeitos adversos , Fenobarbital/farmacocinética , Fenobarbital/farmacologia
20.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 50(2): 163-7, jun. 1992. tab
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-120725

RESUMO

Apresentamos a profilaxia intermitente com diazepam via oral como opçäo de tratamento para convulsäo febril. Justificamos essa proposta diante dos importantes efeitos colaterais que ocorrem com as duas medicaçöes classicamente usadas na profilaxia contínua (fenobarbital e valproato). Foram tratados 19 pacientes. Obtivemos resultados favoráveis, pois apenas um caso apresentou recorrência de convulsäo febril em vigência de dose adequada do diazepam. Houve efeitos colaterais transitórios em 36,8% da nossa casuística


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Convulsões Febris/tratamento farmacológico , Diazepam/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Diazepam/efeitos adversos , Estudos Prospectivos
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